Essential Physics

Chapter study guide

Temperature measures the kinetic energy in random motion of atoms or molecules. Units of temperature are degrees Celsius (ºC), degrees Fahrenheit (ºF), and kelvins (K). Heat is the total thermal energy in a quantity of matter. The specific heat of a substance describes its thermal energy per unit mass per degree. Forces in fluids act through pressure. Pressure has units of pascals (N/m²) and pounds per square inch (psi or lb/in²). Weight creates hydrostatic pressure both within the atmosphere and beneath the surface of water. Bernoulli’s equation relates pressure, volume, and height in a moving fluid. The pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas are related by the ideal gas law. The kinetic theory of matter relates the microscopic interactions of atoms to macroscopic properties such as pressure and temperature. The ideal gas law and the concept of specific heat are explained by the kinetic theory.

By the end of this chapter you should be able to
	distinguish between temperature and heat;
	convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius temperatures;
	describe how the particle nature of matter explains temperature;
	explain why the phases of matter occur at different temperatures;
	use the ideal gas law to calculate pressure, volume, or temperature;
	calculate thermal energy of a substance using its specific heat;
	calculate pressure underwater from depth;
	use Bernoulli's equation to explain fluid effects; and
	explain key concepts of the kinetic theory of matter.

23A: Phases of matter
23B: Specific heat
23C: Pressure of an ideal gas

664	Temperature and heat
665	Temperature scales
666	Kinetic theory of matter
667	Phases of matter
668	23A: Phases of matter
669	Heat and thermal energy
670	Specific heat
671	23B: Specific heat of water and steel
672	Section 1 review
673	Fluid dynamics
674	The gas laws
675	The ideal gas law
676	23C: Pressure of an ideal gas
677	Density and hydrostatic pressure
678	Bernoulli’s equation
679	Applications of Bernoulli’s equation
680	Section 2 review
681	Kinetic theory of matter
682	Maxwellian distribution
683	Thermal speed
684	Kinetic theory and the ideal gas law
685	Specific heat of an ideal gas
686	Specific heat of a solid
687	Semiconductors
688	Diodes and transistors
689	Section 3 review
690	Chapter review

T_{C} = \frac{5}{9} (T_{F} - 32)

N_{A} = 6.022 \times 10^{23}

E = \frac{3}{2} k_{B} T

Q = m c_{p} Δ T

P = \frac{F}{A}

T_{F} = \frac{9}{5} T_{C} + 32

P V = n R T

P V = N k_{B} T

ρ = \frac{m}{V}

P = ρ g d

T_{K} = T_{C} + 273.15

ρ g h + \frac{1}{2} ρ v^{2} + P = constant

v_{t h} = \sqrt{\frac{3 k_{B} T}{m}}

gas: c_{v} = \frac{3}{2} \frac{N_{A} k_{B}}{m_{m o l}}

solid: c_{p} = \frac{3 N_{A} k_{B}}{m_{m o l}}

temperature	Brownian motion	thermometer	Celsius scale
Fahrenheit scale	absolute zero	Kelvin scale	Avogadro’s number
mole	kinetic theory	Boltzmann’s constant	phases of matter
gas	liquid	solid	heat
thermal energy	calorie	Calorie	specific heat
fluid	pressure	compressible	incompressible
Boyle’s law	Charles’s law	ideal gas	ideal gas law
density	Bernoulli’s equation	streamline	statistical mechanics
Maxwellian distribution


		663